Dr. Robert J. Troell, MD, FACS Facial Plastic Surgeon in Las Vegas, Nevada 89117

Name: Robert J. Troell, MD, FACS
Last name: Troell
Gender: male
Began aesthetic medicine in: 1994
Years experience: 29
Primary Specialty: Facial Plastic Surgeon
Website: https://www.drtroell.com/
Business: Beauty By Design
Address: 5375 S. Fort Apache Rd.
Address suite: Ste. 101
Phone: (702) 745-3018
International phone number: +17027453018
City: Las Vegas
State: Nevada
Zip Code: 89148
Country: US
Additional Address: 26731 Aliso Creek Road, Suite 200
Aliso Viejo, CA 92656
Statement: Dr. Robert J. Troell is a diplomate of six medical and surgical boards specializing in facial and body cosmetic surgery with offices in Las Vegas, Nevada, and Irvine, California. The founder of Beauty by Design Cosmetic Surgery and Med Spa, Dr. Troell is known for his expertise in facelifts, cheek and chin enhancement, rhinoplasty, breast augmentation, high-definition liposuction, and injectables (fillers and neuromodulators).

Dr. Troell earned his medical degree with honors from the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida. After completing an internship in General Surgery at San Diego Naval Hospital in San Diego, California, he spent a year as a General Medical Officer in the United States Navy and Marines in Okinawa, Japan, followed by California-based residencies in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: one at the Oakland Naval Hospital, a second at Stanford University Medical Center, where he served as Chief Resident.

He capped 12 years of intensive education and training with a fellowship in Sleep Medicine, also at Stanford University Medical Center, where he stayed on for the next five years to serve as a clinical instructor for the next generation of surgeons.

His love of teaching continued even as he went into private practice, as he served as an adjunct clinical professor at Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine until 2020. He has also been a visiting professor for the Department of Plastic Surgery at the University of Nairobi in Kenya and a clinical instructor for Solta Medical, the manufacturer of VASER Liposuction.

Dr. Troell is a diplomate of the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the American Board of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, the American Board of Facial Cosmetic Surgery and the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery. He is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons and a member of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, and is an oral board examiner for the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery.

He frequently speaks at medical conferences and has published in a variety of prestigious medical journals. He also spent nearly a decade as the physician for the Las Vegas Wranglers Hockey Team.

Dr. Troell was named Top Plastic Surgeon in Las Vegas in 2017 and has won multiple Best Doctor awards throughout the years, including being named one of the 10 Best Plastic Surgeons in Nevada by the American Institute of Plastic Surgeons in 2018 and 2019.
Consulting Fees: 0$
Consultation note: We secure your credit card information in the event you cancel within 24-hours of your appointment. Consultation is still complimentary should you reschedule prior to 24-hours.
Has Sponsored Offer : No

Special Offers: 
Offer #1: Galderma Offer
Special Offer Treatments: All treatments
End Time: 12/31/2023
Detail: Sign up for Aspire Galderma Rewards prior to your appointment to receive $20 off on each treatment listed below: Dysport®, Restylane® family, Sculptra® Aesthetic.
Clinical Privileges: 
  • Summerlin Hospital Medical Center, Las Vegas, NV &
  • Fountain Valley Hospital, Orange County, CA.
Education: 
  • Undergraduate: BS, University of South Florida
  • Medical: MD, University of South Florida
Postdoc Training: 
  • Internship: General Surgery, Department of Surgery, San Diego Naval Hospital, San Diego, California, 1988-1989
  • Residencies:
  • Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oakland Naval Hospital, Oakland, California, 1990-1992
  • Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, 1992-1993
  • Chief Resident, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, 1993-1994
  • Fellowship: Sleep Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, 1995-1996
Member of: 
  • fps

Robert J. Troell, MD, FACS

Board Certification: 
Robert James Troell (ABMSUID -511540)

Viewed: 8/25/2008
Day of birth:
1/21/1962

Status: Alive
Certification: American Board of Otolaryngology
Otolaryngology – General

Status: Certified Active Lifetime Initial Certification 5/9/1995 –
Education: 1988 MD (Doctor of Medicine)
Location: 2870 S Maryland Pkwy Ste 150Las Vegas, NV 89109-5016 (United States)

GPS coordinates on map: 36.0912502,-115.2982948

Primary location: 
Location name: Las Vegas
State: NV
Country: US
Map point: 36.233,-115.2419968

Google plus: https://plus.google.com/+DrRobertTroellLasVegas

Treatments: 
  • African American Rhinoplasty
  • Areola Reduction Surgery
  • ArteFill
  • Asian Rhinoplasty
  • Bellafill
  • Body Lift
  • Botox
  • Botox for Gummy Smile
  • Botox for Hyperhidrosis
  • Botox for Migraines
  • Botox for TMJ
  • Botox for Vaginismus
  • Brazilian Butt Lift
  • Brazilian Butt Lift Revision
  • Breast Augmentation
  • Breast Fat Transfer
  • Breast Implant Removal
  • Breast Implant Revision
  • Breast Implants
  • Breast Lift
  • Breast Lift with Implants
  • Breast Reduction
  • Brow Lift
  • Buccal Fat Removal
  • Cheek Augmentation
  • Cheek Lift
  • Chemical Peel
  • Chin Filler
  • Chin Implant
  • Chin Liposuction
  • CO2 Laser
  • CO2RE Intima
  • Collagen Injection
  • Cyst Removal
  • Deep Plane Facelift
  • Dermal Fillers
  • Dermaplaning
  • Dysport
  • Ear Surgery
  • Earlobe Repair
  • Endermologie
  • Eyelid Surgery
  • Facelift
  • Facelift Revision
  • Facial Fat Transfer
  • Facial Reconstructive Surgery
  • Forehead Reduction
  • Fractional Laser
  • Genioplasty
  • Hair Loss Treatment
  • Hand Rejuvenation
  • i-Lipo
  • IPL
  • Juvederm
  • Laser Hair Removal
  • Laser Liposuction
  • Laser Resurfacing
  • LED Light Therapy
  • Lip Fillers
  • Lip Implants
  • Lip Lift
  • Lip Reduction
  • Lip Repositioning
  • Lip Surgery
  • Liposculpture
  • Liposuction
  • Lower Facelift
  • Micro Botox
  • Microblading
  • Microdermabrasion
  • Microneedling
  • Mini Facelift
  • Mommy Makeover
  • Neck Lift
  • PRP for Hair Loss
  • PRP Injections
  • Ptosis Surgery
  • Radiesse
  • Rejuvapen
  • Restylane
  • Restylane Defyne
  • Restylane Lyft
  • Restylane Refyne
  • Restylane Silk
  • Revision Rhinoplasty
  • Rhinoplasty
  • Salicylic Peel
  • Scar Removal
  • Septoplasty
  • Sinus Surgery
  • Skin Rejuvenation
  • Skin Tightening
  • SkinCeuticals
  • SkinPen
  • SMAS Facelift
  • SoME Skincare
  • Subcision
  • Teeth Whitening
  • Thigh Lift
  • Tummy Tuck
  • Vampire Facelift
  • Vampire Facial
  • Vaser Liposuction
  • Xeomin

RealSelf Info

Awards: 
  • Top Plastic Surgeon in Las Vegas, NV 2017
  • Honors Surgical Course Award in medical school.
  • Best Body Contouring Award at Aesthetic Show.
  • Multiple Best Doctor Awards throughout the years.
  • Certificate of Honor, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery

Rating: 4.7
Profile views: 17307
Answer count: 326
Review count: 59
1 star count: 2
3 star count: 1
4 star count: 1
5 star count: 13
Total star count: 17
Star rating: 3.5428255873103
Lead count last three months: 8
Anonymous votes: 0
Offer count: 1
Profile created: Oct 16, 2009
Profile modified: Aug 11, 2023
Profile photo modified: Aug 11, 2023
Profile promotion: Yes
Profile inactive: No
Premier status: Performance
Tier: Pro
RealCare Promise: No
Directory link: Board Certified Facial Plastic Surgeon
RealSelf’s PRO: Yes
Doctor Designation Start Time: Apr 18, 2021
Doctor Designation End Time: Jan 1, 2033

Locations

  • Las Vegas, NV, US. GPS coordinates: 36.233,-115.2419968
  • Newport Beach, CA, US. GPS coordinates: 33.6213,-117.9309998

Latest ratings of treatments

  • Lip Augmentation (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Botox (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Bellafill (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Bellafill (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Laser Resurfacing (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Facial Fat Transfer (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Vaser Liposuction (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Bellafill (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Lip Implants (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Breast Fat Transfer (Feb 2019) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Vaser Liposuction (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Liposuction (Aug 2019) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Eyelid Surgery (Jul 2019) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Bellafill (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Breast Implant Revision (Dec 2019) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Bellafill (Oct 2019) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Mole Removal (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Breast Augmentation (Dec 2020) – Overall rating: 4/5
  • Injectable Fillers (Aug 2020) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Septoplasty (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Lip Implants (Feb 2021) – Overall rating: 5/5 (Wait times: 5/5, Doctor’s bedside manner: 5/5, Phone or email responsiveness: 5/5, Payment process: 5/5, Time spent with patient: 5/5, After care follow-up: 5/5, Staff professionalism & courtesy: 5/5, Answered questions: 5/5)
  • Liposuction (Jun 2019) – Overall rating: 1/5
  • Lip Implants (Oct 2021) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Liposculpture (Mar 2019) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Breast Augmentation (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Lip Augmentation (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Bellafill (Feb 2019) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Brow Lift (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Liposuction (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5
  • Eyelid Surgery (Sep 2023) – Overall rating: 5/5

Latest Prices

Lip Augmentation Prices

  • $3950 – Feb 3, 2021

Botox Prices

  • $600 – Jul 2019 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $600 – Jul 2019 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $600 – Jul 2019
  • $600 – Jul 2019
  • $770 – Jul 5, 2017 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $770 – Jul 5, 2017 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $770 – Jul 5, 2017 – Las Vegas, NV

Bellafill Prices

  • $3000 – Oct 17, 2019
  • $3000 – Oct 17, 2019
  • $3000 – Oct 17, 2019
  • $3000 – Oct 16, 2019
  • $3000 – Oct 16, 2019
  • $3000 – Oct 16, 2019
  • $950 – Aug 22, 2017 – Corona Del Mar, CA
  • $950 – Aug 22, 2017 – Corona Del Mar, CA
  • $950 – Aug 22, 2017 – Corona Del Mar, CA
  • $950 – Aug 22, 2017 – Corona Del Mar, CA

Vaser Liposuction Prices

  • $8600 – Mar 19, 2014 – Corona, CA

Lip Implants Prices

  • $3950 – Feb 3, 2021
  • $3900 – Aug 14, 2021
  • $3900 – Aug 14, 2021
  • $3900 – Aug 14, 2021
  • $3950 – Feb 3, 2021
  • $3950 – Feb 3, 2021

Breast Fat Transfer Prices

  • $10900 – Feb 28, 2019
  • $10900 – Feb 28, 2019
  • $10900 – Feb 28, 2019

Liposuction Prices

  • $6000 – Jun 15, 2019
  • $3400 – Feb 8, 1998 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $6000 – Jun 15, 2019
  • $6000 – Jun 15, 2019
  • $6000 – Jun 15, 2019
  • $6000 – Jun 15, 2019
  • $3400 – Feb 8, 1998 – Las Vegas, NV

Breast Augmentation Prices

  • $7900 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $7900 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $7900 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $7900 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $7900 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $7900 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $8401 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $8401 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $8401 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $8400 – Dec 14, 2020
  • $6000 – Apr 2018

Liposculpture Prices

  • $8500 – Jul 1, 2010 – Corona Del Mar, CA
  • $8500 – Jul 1, 2010 – Corona Del Mar, CA
  • $8500 – Jul 1, 2010 – Corona Del Mar, CA

Brazilian Butt Lift Prices

  • $12000 – Sep 2, 2014 – Corona, CA
  • $12000 – Sep 2, 2014 – Corona, CA

CO2 Laser Prices

  • $3400 – Sep 22, 2022
  • $3400 – Sep 22, 2022
  • $3400 – Sep 22, 2022

Chin Liposuction Prices

  • $995 – Apr 23, 2018
  • $995 – Apr 23, 2018

ArteFill Prices

  • $885 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $885 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $885 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $885 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $900 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $900 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $900 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $900 – Jan 6, 2015 – Las Vegas, NV

Breast Implants Prices

  • $6500 – Mar 21, 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $6500 – Mar 21, 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $6500 – Mar 21, 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $6500 – Mar 21, 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $6000 – Apr 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $6000 – Apr 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $6000 – Apr 2018

Mommy Makeover Prices

  • $15000 – Mar 10, 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $15000 – Mar 10, 2018 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $15000 – Mar 10, 2018 – Las Vegas, NV

Lower Facelift Prices

  • $9501 – Jun 8, 2010 – Las Vegas, NV
  • $9501 – Jun 8, 2010 – Las Vegas, NV

Facelift Prices

  • $9500 – Jun 8, 2010 – Las Vegas, NV

Practice Locations

Name & Website
Beauty by Design – Las Vegas, https://www.drtroell.com/
Address
5375 S Fort Apache RdSte. 101, Las Vegas, Nevada, US, 89117 (GPS coordinates: 36.0911332,-115.2982448)
Phone
(702) 919-7580
Working Hours
Created / Modified
Feb 21, 2019 / Jul 1, 2022
Name & Website
Beauty by Design – Irvine, https://drtroell.com
Address
113 Waterworks WaySuite 105, Irvine, California, US, 92618 (GPS coordinates: 33.6654003,-117.7630439)
Phone
+19498702688
Working Hours
Created / Modified
Jun 20, 2017 / Jul 1, 2022

Special Offers

Heading
Start Time / End Time
Detail
Treatments
Galderma Offer
Dec 3, 2019 /
Dec 31, 2023
Sign up for Aspire Galderma Rewards prior to your appointment to receive $20 off on each treatment listed below: Dysport®, Restylane® family, Sculptra® Aesthetic.
Specific treatments
Buy 4 Get 5th Free Bellafill
Oct 25, 2019 /
Oct 31, 2019
Why look like a Wrinkly Witch when you can use Bellafill for a quick, permanent fix?!
Buy 4 syringes of Bellafill and get 5th one for free.
Specific treatments
$495 VASER SHAPE
Oct 25, 2019 /
Oct 31, 2019
Scare off Cellulite and unwanted body fat for only $495
Enjoy the benefits of VASER SHAPE to sculpt and contour your body for the most attractive curves.
Specific treatments

Doctor's answers

Question
Answer Header & Date
Answer Snippet
Do I have a weak chin? Any suggestions on what I should do next?
Suggestions for a Weak Chin
Feb 18, 2021
Thank you for your question and for including photos. When evaluating your profile, there is a slight recession of the chin. Options for balancing the profile from least invasive to most are to administer a dissolvable, hyaluronic acid filler, e.g. Restalyne Defyne or Juvederm Volluma; a long-term filler, such as Bellafill; or to place a silastic chin implant. Ultimately, when looking at cost over time, depending on your aesthetic goal, the chin implant will pay for itself within a few...
Can I get a 2nd lower blepharoplasty? If not, What other options ago remove loose skin under
Treatment Options for Lower Eyelids
Feb 18, 2021
Thank you for your question and for including a photo. You can certainly have another blepharoplasty. However, given that you do not appear to have fat herniation under your eyes, you may be able to achieve your aesthetic goal via less invasive treatments, such as CO2 laser skin resurfacing or radio frequency microneedling. At our office, we use the DEKA CO2 laser, Vivace radiofrequency and Venus Viva radiofrequency--all rated the best by RealSelf. Each system effectively stimulates your own...
Is this neck lipo a procedure that can be done as I've been told by on cosmetic surgeon no?
Neck Liposuction-Is it for me & who should perform the procedure?
Feb 2, 2021
Thank you for your photographs.
There are many different types of adjuvant energy liposuction procedures, however, the BEST technique is VASER ultrasound assisted liposuction.
Ultrasound produces 53% more skin tightening and 26-35% less bleeding than standard suction-assisted liposuction.
One can add Helium activated radiofrequency (RF) called Renuvion of J-Plasma for an additional 20--30% skin tightening after the VASER liposuction is completed during the surgery.
You prefer the surgeon to...
What can I do to fix my uneven lower facial muscles?
Lower lip muscle contraction disfunction
Feb 1, 2021
The best method to improve symmetry is injecting a muscle relaxant (Dysport or Botox) to the side that is pulled down more (most likely 3-6 units of botox) to lessen the inferior pull.
Volume replacement may also assist, but less likely.
I am wanting a facelift, eyelid lift, and need treatment for wrinkles around my lips, any su
Do I Need A Facelift?
Feb 1, 2021
Thank you for knowing the expertise of the American Board of Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery.
Also, the photograph assists as well.
YOU are aging well and most likely do not require a facelift to achieve your aesthetic goals.
Some volume replacement in your prejowl sulcus (HLA fillers, Bellafill, Prejowl chin implant or fat transfer with PRP and stem cells) are alternatives.
Laser skin resurfacing or RF to the face and neck will rejuvenate your skin and produce skin tightening. The...
What would be the best treatment for my gummy smile?
Botox for Gummy Smile
Jan 25, 2021
Good day! Thank you for your question. Neurotoxins, such as Botox, are often effective at relaxing the elevator muscles that cause excessive gingival show. Injecting 2-3 units, bilaterally, into the levatator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle will relax the pull of the upper lip when smiling. Optimally, one would see 2/3 of a tooth when smiling. Generally, a combination of hyaluronic acid filler and a neurotoxin will give the best result result when looking at non-invasive procedures.
Can a laser fix breast reduction scars 18 years later? Sometimes I have pain. I am also post
LASER Resurfacing of Breast Scars, Does the Laser produce a more attractive scar appearance?
Jan 20, 2021
Excellent Question.
The answer depends on the scar appearance.
If the scar is thick or wide, surgical scar revision is best.
If scar is thinner, laser skin resurfacing of the scar and adjacent skin usually produces a more camoflauged scar appearance, with a CO2 laser being the best option.
Ablative laser after fat transfer?
Timing Laser Skin Resurfacing and Facial Fat Transfer, Is it best to stage them?
Jan 20, 2021
Excellent Question.
To my knowledge, there is no scientific study looking at this.
However, there is a significant amount of data on fat grafting.
Fat cells are delicate and easily suffer lack of blood supply within the first 48 hours after injection.
Thus, the added trauma thermally from the laser, most likely Carbon dioxide at 10,600 nm or Er;YAG at 2940 nm, both can directly injure the fat cell of produce an inflammatory response whose chemicals can injure the adipocytes.

I recommend...

What other treatments are unsafe or problematic over time after Bellafill?
Are other Procedures Unsafe After Bellafill
Jan 18, 2021
Simply: No
All aesthetic procedures can be done after Bellafill.
However, Rhinoplasty dissection or elevation of the skin envelope is more difficult when Bellafill was previously injected as a non-surgical nose job.
Also, removal of fat from the lower eyelid is more difficult, but can be carried out if a fair amount of bellafill was injected into the fat pads, missing the tear trough area.
All aesthetic procedures can be performed after Bellafill.
Does Bellafill work for exercise enthusiasts?
Does Bellafill Work For Everyone?
Jan 18, 2021
Simply: YES
I have never had a patient with over 4,000 syringes over more than 7 years not create collagen.
Bellafill is a collagen stimulator. The filler is best to be injected immediately subcutaneously for maximum collagen synthesis.
Supra-periosteal, deep or bone injections does not create as much collagen production.
The amount of Bellafill to create a given response is different in different patients.
Can I get laser after bellafill?
Can I do laser after Bellafill injecction?
Jan 18, 2021
Simply: YES
There is a scientific paper an my experience, one needs to wait two weeks after Bellafill injection before performing an energy-based system of skin resurfacing, either laser or RF to prevent Bellafill absorption or denaturing.
You had bellafill 9 months ago, you are safe to proceed.
I had Bellafill .25 of a syringe placed into my nose tip to fix a deformity over 1 year ago,
Can Bellafill Be Removed.
Jan 18, 2021
Thank you for your question.
Simply: YES
The two options are:
1. combination of 5-FU and Kenalog 40 (50%/50%) solution injection, most likely need 1-3 injections with three studies showing a 95-98% success rate.
2. Surgical excision

Good luck in your choice.

I want to transition from temporary fillers to Bellafill for my jaw. Is Bellafill actually n
Bellafill is effective for Creating an Aesthetically Pleasing Jawline
Jan 18, 2021
Thank you for an excellent question.
I present ALL options to my patients and present the data in an unbiased fashion. If I use my opinion, I start the sentence with "In my opinion..."
I have injected over 4,000 Bellafill syringes and I disagree with the statement that Bellafill if "not great for the jaw".
I have treated hundreds of patients with each of the following long-term options: facial fat transfer, silastic implants (anterior chin, prejowl, angle of mandible or entire mandible),...
Does combining other fillers with Bellafill in the jawline provide superior results?
Achieving a Superior Jawline
Jan 18, 2021
IN aesthetics, as in many areas of medicine, everyone has their opinion.
In the movie Roadhouse, Patrick Swayze's character states: "Opinions Vary".
A straight jawline, high cheek bones and a nose appropriate size and shape are necessities to be a model at "LA Modeling".
TO achieve a straight jawline are several issues:
1. strong anterior chin without retrognathia or a weak chin (best method to repair this is a chin implant)
2. Fullness between the chin and jowl area called the pre-jowl...
Can you mix Bellafill with other fillers?
Can you mix other fillers with Bellafill?
Jan 18, 2021
Thank you for the question.
YOU can inject one's face with both Bellafill and HLA temporary fillers.
However, if one is looking for the most cost-effective method of facial volume replacement, alone or a combination of fat grafting with stem cells and PRP, silastic facial implants and Bellafill is indicated.
I do not recommend combining them into the same syringe, since it can cause Bellafill to fall out of solution and produce clumping.
Good luck on your future facial volume replacement.

Latest Before And After Photos

Last updated on 11/22/2023